INTRODUCTION TO WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR SAFE DRINKING
2. SCREENING
3. AERATION
4. SEDIMENTATION
5. FILTRATION
6. DIS- INFECTION
7. SOFTENING
8. FLOCCUNLATION
9. DE- SALINATION
1. INTAKES :
An intake is a masonry or concrete structure with an aim of providing relatively clean water, free from pollution, sand and objectionable floating material. Its main purpose is to provide calm and still water conditions, so that comparatively purer water may be collected from the source.
2. SCREENING :
Screening is a wastewater pre-treatment, which aims to prevent coarse solids, such as plastics, rags and other trash, from entering a sewage system or treatment plant. Solids get trapped by inclined screens or bar racks. The spacing between the bars usually is 15 to 40 mm, depending on cleaning patterns.
3. AERATION :
Aeration treatment consists of passing large amounts of air through water and then venting the air outside. The air causes the dissolved gases or volatile compounds to release from the water. The air and the contaminants released from the water are vented.
4. SEDIMENTATION :
Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process using gravity to remove suspended solids from water. Solid particles entrained by the turbulence of moving water may be removed naturally by sedimentation in the still water of lakes and oceans.
5. FILTRATION :
Using filtration in water treatment, solid particles are entirely removed from the water. This can be from ground water, surface water or even pre-treated wastewater. These processes in water treatment have a clear objective: to provide the correct quality of water for the specific industrial application.
6. DIS - INFECTION :
Disinfection is a physical or chemical process in which pathogenic microorganisms are deactivated or killed. Examples of chemical disinfectants are chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone. Examples of physical disinfectants include ultraviolet light, electronic radiation, and heat.
7. SOFTENING :
Water softening is a process in which the ions of calcium, magnesium and sometimes iron are removed. It is these ions in hard water that make it difficult for products with other positively charged ions to dissolve in the water. By doing this, the water softening removes the offending minerals from the water.
8. FLOCCUNLATION :
Flocculation is a water treatment process where solids form larger clusters, or flocs, to be removed from water. This process can happen spontaneously, or with the help of chemical agents. It is a common method of stormwater treatment, wastewater treatment, and in the purification of drinking water.
9. DE - SALINATION :
Desalination is a technique where the excess salts are removed from sea water or brackish water converting it into safe potable or usable water. Desalination methods are categorized into thermal processes and membrane processes.
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